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我国乡村规划的理论与应用研究

郐艳丽,王璇

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第2期页码 21-26 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.018

摘要：

本文按照我国城乡关系演进过程，将乡村规划理论演进划分为传统城乡交融背景下乡村建设（新中国成立前）、现代城乡分离背景下乡村规划（新中国成立后—2016年）和新时代城乡一体化背景乡村治理（2017年迄今）三个阶段，总结不同阶段乡村规划理论和乡村建设、管理特征。我国传统乡村规划理论包括以风水理论为基础的物质性规划建设理论和人文化治理思想与方法，两者相辅相成。建国以后，尤其是改革开放以来，乡村规划运用城市规划的相关理论指导乡村实践，在城乡关系的大背景下不断演进，通过乡村规划许可证实施简易化行政许可制度。近些年乡村规划脱胎于城市规划的反思与转型，融入多学科理论，探索发展本源。

关键词：乡村规划城市规划正式治理公共政策公共产品

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Costs and prices for renewable energy development in industrialized countries and applications to China

Hugo SALAMANCA, Miao CHANG, Xin TIAN

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第6卷第3期页码 403-411 doi: 10.1007/s11783-011-0350-2

摘要： Developing renewable energy is now becoming a hot topic as it is important in dealing with climate change issue and energy supply issue. With the growing demand of energy, it has become urgent to develop the effective policies and measures that would enable people to maintain the living standards. Among all the measures, price is an essential one. In order to evaluate the costs and prices of the electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) and their effects to the market, this paper firstly focus on the extra costs of the RES-E by breaking it into four parts, including investment, construction, connection and operation. Then, the policy choices made in some typical industrialized countries are examined to find answers to the problems RES-E can raise. Finally, the choices made in China are examined in comparison to industrialized countries so as to determine how the current situation could be improved.

关键词： renewable energy public policy costs prices renewable portfolio feed-in tariff

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Public perception of environmental issues across socioeconomic characteristics: A survey study in Wujin

Jun BI, Yongliang ZHANG, Bing ZHANG,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 361-372 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0017-4

摘要： In developing countries, there is controversy over the correct perception regarding environmental and developmental issues. Few studies have examined the perception of low-income nationals in regards to social and environmental issues. This paper looks at the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the groups’ perceived priority regarding environmental and social issues in Wujin County. The results indicated that most residents, specifically the young, government employed and the urban community consider environmental issues to be serious, especially in relation to air pollution and water pollution. Furthermore, many residents feel it is important to rank environmental problems that are related to other social and economic issues, and that environmental protection must be set as a priority in Wujin County. Compared to social issues, environmental concern was greater among the young, government employed, and the urban community, because of their higher education and affluence. In addition, 66.2% of residents consider environmental protection to be more important than economic development. Thus, environmental protection must be set as a high priority in Wujin County, in order to face the many social and environmental challenges inherent in development.

关键词： socio-economic characteristics environmental perception sustainable development policy making

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大健康背景下我国公共卫生人才培养的政策研究

段志光,王彤,李晓松,胡永华,梁晓峰,曾诚,任涛,罗会,张文平,徐建国

《中国工程科学》 2019年第21卷第2期页码 61-68 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.02.002

摘要：

在全球卫生状况不断变化、“健康中国”上升为国家战略的背景下，我国现有公共卫生人才培养在投入、过程和产出阶段均存在不足。本项目从国际视野与国内需求出发，分析研究我国公共卫生人才培养和教育发展的现状及问题，提出构建以院校教育—毕业后教育—继续教育为脉络的具有中国特色的大健康公共卫生人才培养体系，规范本科教育，优化研究生教育，加强继续教育，建立健全公共卫生人才培养的院校准入、专业准入、职业准入标准，切实落实政府在公共卫生教育改革中的完全责任等政策建议。

关键词：大健康公共卫生预防医学人才培养体系

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Analysis of the current situation of environmental policy of China and establishment of distributed environmentalpolicy framework

Chaoyang FU,Wangfeng LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第2期页码 310-316 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0658-9

摘要： In this study, China’s current macro-environmental policies as well as their implementation and management tools are analyzed. By using the basic economic methodology, detailed studies are conducted focusing on the implementation effect of contemporary China’s typical environmental policy of the total pollutant discharge quantity control type, and also the two types of environmental management tools are compared from the perspective of implementation costs and policy uncertainty. By introduction of distributed management tools into the implementation of environmental policies, market-oriented means and the methods of economic analysis are introduced into environmental policy decision-making mechanisms, which could afford a new method for changing the current relatively low efficiency of environmental policy, solving the problem of “government failure” in environmental policy implementation, and providing a new way to make environmental policy system more flexible and more efficient. It is of great practical significance to solve China's current structural, complex and accumulative environmental problems.

关键词： environmental policy distributed environment policy distributed parameter model lumped parameter model

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Qualitative analysis of direction of public hospital reforms in China

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 218-223 doi: 10.1007/s11684-017-0534-7

摘要：

Reforms in public hospitals are among the most important improvements in China’s health care system over the last two decades. However, the reforms that should be implemented in public hospitals are unclear. Thus, a feasible direction of reforms in Chinese public hospitals is suggested and reliable policy suggestions are provided for the government to reform public hospitals. The data used in this study were mainly derived from a qualitative study. Focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted in Shanghai, Guangdong, and Gansu between May and December 2014. Government funding accounted for approximately eight percent of the total annual revenue of public hospitals in China, and the insufficient government subsidy considerably affects the operation mechanism of public hospitals. However, solely increasing this subsidy cannot address the inappropriate incentives of public hospitals in China. The most crucial step in setting the direction of reforms in public hospitals in China is transforming inappropriate incentives by implementing a new evaluation index system for directors and physicians in public hospitals.

关键词： public hospital government hospital public funding operation mechanism

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汽车节油迫在眉睫

胡晓春,张宝吉,蒋福康,汪燮卿

《中国工程科学》 2013年第15卷第10期页码 10-15

摘要：

石油是关系到国家安全的重要战略资源，中国是石油资源相对缺乏的国家，节约用油、提高资源利用效率尤为重要。指出了现阶段我国汽车用油存在的问题；分析了汽车节油技术发展趋势和政策措施；提出通过政策措施倡导节约优先、效率为本的观念，重点开发和应用各种节油技术，提高油品质量，加快淘汰老旧车型，积极开发替代资源，大力发展公共交通和现代物流是现阶段我国汽车节油减排的有效途径。

关键词：汽车节油燃料经济性替代燃料新能源公共交通政策措施

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The Routine and Emergency Coordinated Management of Public Security

Ning Liu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2015年第2卷第4期页码 331-338 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2015063

摘要： The paper presents a study based on the observation of public security programme situations. Nowadays, public security management is faced with challenges such as the increase in non-traditional safety threats, high occurrence probability, obvious complex chain reactions, high security demand, vulnerable bearing systems and world-wide influences. For the new adapted requirements of public security management, this paper puts forward the concept of the coordinated routine and emergency management, which combines the routine management at normal status and the emergency management at the abnormal status based on the whole process of public security management. This paper analyzes the coordinated management system and establishes the decision-making objectives, decision-making model and constraints. In addition, this paper proposes the basic strategy of achieving the coordinated management of public security.

关键词： public security routine management emergency management coordinated management

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Connecting Information to Promote Public Health

Xue-mei Su,Jia Zhao

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2016年第3卷第4期页码 384-389 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016054

摘要： With the development of information technology in the past 12 years, China has established the specialized or vertical web-based information systems for data collection of disease and related risk factor. These information systems are described as public health information systems (PHIS) in China. When PHIS has thus evolved in a haphazard and fragmented way under the pressure administrative, economic and legal, local health workers who are overburdened with multiple and time-consuming reporting requirements cannot deliver timely, accurate and complete data. Seeing that the information of disease surveillance is provided by hospitals and health service centers in China and that the development of electronic medical record (EMR) and electronic health record (EHR) occurs under the policy and investment of health since 2009 in China, there should be a connection and data sharing mechanism between EMR (EHR) and PHIS to support public health surveillance and public health decision-making. The paper aims at discussing current status and problems of PHIS in China, making a brief introduction on the blueprint of health information technology in China, exploring solution for interoperability between PHIS and EHR (EMR), and sharing some experiences and lessons from pilot project on automatic notifiable infectious disease reporting.

关键词： public health information system data exchange China

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Changes in public trust in physicians: empirical evidence from China

Dahai Zhao, Zhiruo Zhang

《医学前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第4期页码 504-510 doi: 10.1007/s11684-018-0666-4

摘要： Studies examining the trends in public trust in physicians have provided a considerable amount of valuable policy implications for policymakers compared with cross-sectional studies on this topic in many countries. This study investigated changes in public trust in physicians in China based on two cross-sectional national surveys conducted in 2011 and 2016 and identified the determinants of these changes. The results indicated 83.4% of respondents in 2011 reported trust or strong trust in physicians in China, which decreased to 64.2% by 2016. The results of ordinal logistic regression demonstrated that public trust in physicians in China had decreased significantly from 2011 to 2016 ( <0.001) after adjusting for other independent variables. Self-reported health status, self-rated happiness, and self-identified social class were all associated positively with public trust in physicians in China. The results also confirmed that decreasing public satisfaction with the most recent treatment experience was the major determinant of decreasing public trust in physicians in China. The findings of this study suggest that decreasing public trust in physicians deserves considerable attention from national policymakers and that improving satisfaction with treatment experiences would be the most effective strategy for enhancing public trust in physicians in China.

关键词： trust in physicians public trust physician-patient relationship health system performance

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Tender evaluation through efficiency analysis for public construction contracts

Stefan NIEWERTH, Peter VOGT, Markus THEWES

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第1期页码 148-158 doi: 10.1007/s42524-020-0119-z

摘要： Given the European Public Procurement Directive 2014/24/EU, policymakers have ordered the inclusion of various criteria, such as the price, life-cycle costs, environmental, and social aspects, in the evaluation of tenders for public construction projects. Consequently, the relevance of non-monetary award criteria has gained significant value. However, the established evaluation formulas, which are used to obtain the best value for money procurement, have resulted in legal disputes. The existing evaluation formulas exhibit mathematical weaknesses, wherein scoring indices do not express economic efficiency adequately. Thus, a conflict is observed between the political requirement of non-monetary award criteria and their evaluation by contracting authorities. To overcome such dilemma, an extensive literature review is conducted. Specifically, this study explores the essential problems of existing evaluation formulas and develops a more reliable method. The technique from the field of efficiency analysis, i.e., Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), is adopted in this study. For contract awarding, the DEA is extended by introducing a decision theoretical framework. For public procurement, the proposed method combines two advantages. First, the proposed method ensures the derivation of a robust tender ranking given that with respect to clients’ preferences, irrelevant and insufficiently tailored tenders do not influence the scoring. Second, the proposed method supports the intention of policy makers to promote public goals, such as sustainable aspects. By disclosing the strengths and weaknesses of bidders with respect to their competitors, all bidders can obtain a precise overview of their performance regarding the award criteria. In sum, the proposed method allows a targeted improvement of certain criteria values in future tenders and consequently leads to an enhancement of public goals.

关键词： bid evaluation public procurement best value for money data envelopment analysis contractor selection

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China’s policy framework for carbon capture, utilization and storage: Review, analysis, and outlook

《能源前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第3期页码 400-411 doi: 10.1007/s11708-023-0862-z

摘要： Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is estimated to contribute substantial CO₂ emission reduction to carbon neutrality in China. There is yet a large gap between such enormous demand and the current capacity, and thus a sound enabling environment with sufficient policy support is imperative for CCUS development. This study reviewed 59 CCUS-related policy documents issued by the Chinese government as of July 2022, and found that a supporting policy framework for CCUS is taking embryonic form in China. More than ten departments of the central government have involved CCUS in their policies, of which the State Council, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), and the Ministry of Ecological Environment (MEE) have given the greatest attention with different focuses. Specific policy terms are further analyzed following the method of content analysis and categorized into supply-, environment- and demand-type policies. The results indicate that supply-type policies are unbalanced in policy objectives, as policy terms on technology research and demonstration greatly outnumber those on other objectives, and the attention to weak links and industrial sectors is far from sufficient. Environment-type policies, especially legislations, standards, and incentives, are inadequate in pertinence and operability. Demand-type policies are absent in the current policy system but is essential to drive the demand for the CCUS technology in domestic and foreign markets. To meet the reduction demand of China’s carbon neutral goal, policies need to be tailored according to needs of each specific technology and implemented in an orderly manner with well-balanced use on multiple objectives.

关键词： carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) policy content analysis China

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Urban design based on public safety-Discussion on safety-based urban design

Kaizhen CAI, Jianguo WANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第2期页码 219-227 doi: 10.1007/s11709-009-0023-4

摘要： Because of public safety problems in construction of urban surroundings, this paper expounds the necessity of the study on public safety-based urban design in perspective of modern city. It brings forward the concept of safety-based urban design and attempts to explore the basic connotation and contents with framework for studies.

关键词： urban public safety urban design safety-based urban design

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Robust public-private partnerships for joint railway and property development

Ka Fai NG, Hong K. LO, Yue HUAI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2017年第4卷第4期页码 437-450 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017068

摘要： The involvement of the private sector in the construction or operation of an infrastructure project may enhance the financial viability of projects, which facilitates the formation of public-private partnership (PPP) for project delivery. PPP exploits the strength of the private sector by shifting certain project risks from the public party to the private sector who can efficiently manage certain risks. In joint railway and housing development, the approach of bundling railway and housing development (R&HD) allows cross-subsidization between immense railway construction cost and profitable housing rental revenue. This approach also provides flexibility in incorporating PPP models by distributing railway and housing revenues and costs and their inherent risks properly to the public and private sectors. Ng and Lo (2015a) developed an evaluation framework for joint railway and property development, which evaluates PPPs based on financial and construction criteria for selecting the best suitable PPP for a particular project. This study, which is based on the framework in Ng and Lo (2015a), aims to examine the robustness of various PPP configurations. This study analyzes the effects of PPP configurations on stakeholders’ risks and returns under population or demand growth and railway construction cost uncertainties. The eventual outcome of particular PPP configurations is also examined. This study also seeks to answer the following questions: How would optimal configuration change under highly volatile population and railway construction cost? Are there PPP configurations that are robust to these uncertainties and those that are sensitive to a particular uncertainty? This understanding is critical for managing risks and facilitating the formation of appropriate PPP for R&HD.

关键词： public-private partnership BFOOD housing and railway development

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Hierarchical methodological framework to improve Policy Environmental Assessment: Based on policy layer

Yinglie ZHOU, Cunkuan BAO,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第1期页码 82-90 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0004-9

摘要： This study explores the current implementation challenges of the Policy Environmental Assessment (PEA), including the implementation of a far richer, more diverse (at macro level), and better understanding of PEA and integration with decision making. The results contribute to the analysis of PEA through different hierarchies of assessment. Stemming from the theory and practice of policy, a concept of PEA hierarchies is proposed including the uppermost PEA, upper-lower PEA, and lowermost PEA. Afterward, the differences of the three hierarchies are interpreted, in terms of aims, principles, processes, and methods. The evaluation of the policy environmental impacts from different lens helps solve the complexities of policies and identify opportunities for improvement of PEA.

关键词： Policy Environmental Assessment (PEA) policy hierarchy PEA hierarchy methodological framework